Rommel Rundstedt Controversy Essay -- War, Invasion of France, Normand

There are noteworthy reasons why Field Marshal Rundstedt’s operational idea to shield against the Allied attack of France was better than Field Marshal Rommel’s and could have changed the course of the war. Geologically, Rundstedt’s idea gave the Germans the most obvious opportunity to crush the Allied development. Operationally, he represented a few military and insight evaluation contemplations that gave his arrangement the edge. From a key and political point of view, had Hitler been eager to arrange harmony, a significant Allied thrashing in France offered by Rundstedt’s plan introduced Germany its last opportunity to accomplish triumph. Had Rommel made an appropriate evaluation of the French coastline and open country, he would have most likely agreed with Rundstedt. â€Å"It was clear to von Rundstedt that 2,600 kilometers of coastline couldn't be made impregnable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ose, 8) In Rundstedt’s see, the best methodology to safeguard the coast â€Å"called for utilizing a hostile guarded by working behind the coast solid heavily clad divisions, carefully controlled and deftly led.† (Ose, 9) Obvious geographic difficulties along the coast implied that Rommel’s plan to be conclusive with shielded divisions would have given the German Army minimal possibility of accomplishment. The primary serious issue with Rommel’s plan was the length of coastline which would have been difficult to protect except if he was fortunate enough to decide the specific time and area of assault. The long coastline of France had just overextended German powers and their barriers were becoming more vulnerabl e because of duties somewhere else in the European theater. (Cubbage, 149) Even with Rommel’s plan for broad deterrents along the coast, it appears he â€Å"forgot that a solid and steel hindrance with an exploitable wea... ...epts to overcome the Allied intrusion of France. Endless supply of each operational idea, it turns out to be evident that Rundstedt’s plan would have given the German Army the most obvious opportunity with regards to progress. In the late spring of 1944, a conclusive triumph over Allied powers in France could have drawn Great Britain and the United States to the arranging table. An unequivocal triumph would have likewise managed the Germans more powers on the Eastern Front. More powers in the east could have ended the Soviet development, and could have carried Stalin to the arranging table also. Given those potential outcomes, we know looking back that it would have been far-fetched for Hitler or the Allies to acknowledge anything short of absolute triumph. At the end of the day, the operational achievement offered by Rundstedt’s plan would not have converted into vital triumph given the purpose of Hitler and the Allies.

Heideggers Conceptual Essences Being And The Nothing, Humanism, And T

Heideggers Conceptual Essences: Being And The Nothing, Humanism, And Technology Heideggers Conceptual Essences: Being and the Nothing, Humanism, and Technology Being and the Nothing are the equivalent. The old logician Lao-tzu accepted that the world engages no partitions and that contrary energies don't really exist. His establishing for this apparently ridiculous recommendation lies in the way that in light of the fact that supposed alternate extremes rely upon one another and their definitions depend on their disparities, they can't in any way, shape or form exist without one another. Along these lines, they are not really alternate extremes. The basic and uncomplex natured thinking behind this crazy proclamation is valuable while attempting to comprehend and portray Martin Heideggers profoundly leveled theory of Being and the nothing. Lao-tzus simple basis utilized in expressing that alleged contrary energies make each other, so can't be inverse, isn't not normal for Heideggers portrayal of the likeness between the contrary energies Being and the nothing. Not at all like Lao-tzu, Heidegger doesn't guarantee that no contrary energies exist. He does anyway say that two clearly inverse ideas are the equivalent, and along these lines, the two methods of reasoning are comparable. He accepts that the division of creatures from Being makes the nothing between them. Without the nothing, Being would stop to be. On the off chance that there were not the nothing, there couldn't be anything, since this division among creatures and Being is essential. Heidegger even ventures to such an extreme as to state that Being itself as a matter of fact turns into the nothing by means of its fundamental limit. This proclamation suggests a synonymity between the connection of life to demise and the connection of Being to nothingness. To Heidegger, the main end is demise. It is totally supreme, so it is a passage into the nothing. This recommendation makes Being and the nothing the two parts of the entirety. Both of their jobs are similarly significant and vital in the pattern of life and passing. Every individual life unavoidably finishes in death, however without this demise, Life would be permitted no movement: The nothing does not just fill in as the counterconcept of creatures; rather, it initially has a place with their basic unfurling all things considered (104). In like manner, passing can't happen without limited life. In concordance with the explanation that the nothing isolates creatures from Being, the possibility that passing prompts the nothing suggests that passing is only the loss of the hypothetical sandwich's bread cuts, leaving nothing for the remainder of ever. The presence of death, subsequently, is considerably more significant in the entire since it amplifies the nothing into for all intents and purposes everything. The amplification of the nothing fills in as an equalizer among Being and nothing in light of the fact that Being is so hearty furthermore, evident that it amplifies itself. For this situation, the alternate extremes are totally dependent on one another, not just reasonably yet genuinely. Heidegger shines a different light on Lao-tzus reasoning that contrary energies characterize each other when he attempts to reveal the valid pith and significance of Being, and he uncovers another degree of intertwination between the nothing and Being. So as to characterize Being, it is required to step outside of it, into the nothing since: All that we talk about, mean, and are identified with in such and such a path is in Being. What and how we are ourselves are is additionally in Being. Being is found in thatness furthermore, whatness, reality, the current being of things [Vorhandenheit], resource, legitimacy, presence [Dasein], and in the there is [es gibt] (47). Heidegger is exceptionally resolute on the significance of unprejudiced decisions and definitions, and how would he be able to conceivably compute the specific significance of Being while at the same time seeing it from a condition of Being? In this way it is important to step out into the nothing to completely grasp Being. Therefore, individuals are the just creatures fit for considering the substance of presence and nonexistence. Dasein are the main animals able in light of the fact that they are held out into the nothing: Being and the nothing do have a place together . . . since Being itself is basically limited what's more, uncovers itself just in the greatness of Dasein which is held out into the nothing (108). The most noteworthy conclusions of the quintessence of man in humanism despite everything don't understand the best possible respect of man (233). At the point when Heidegger dismisses the title humanist, it isn't since he is against mankind or even critical about the destiny of mankind. Or maybe, he dismisses the classification since he properly considers humanism to be characterized with man at the inside, which is a perspective he firmly dismisses. Maybe in a few other time, Heidegger could fittingly be known as a humanist; in any case, he accepts that the word humanism ... has lost its which means (247). The cutting edge meaning of humanism isn't appropriate for Heidegger mostly on the grounds that according to the universe, other

Top Reasons to take a Programming assignment help

Top Reasons to take a Programming assignment help In this blog, we will learn the top reasons to take a Programming assignment help. Lets get started and find the reasons to take a Programming assignment help. Learning computer programming is not easy, but it does not mean that it is impossible, with the guidance of experts, everyone can write better code. This programming assignment help blog is generated for those aspirants who are pursuing computer science and its applications. The views of programming are to find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task (which can be as complicated as an operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. This is specially made by experts to provide you with the right direction about Computer programming. What is Computer Programming?   Summary What is Computer Programming?  Who can Code and what skills required for Programming?What are the types of Computer programming?Machine language Assembly languages.Business-oriented languages.Scripting languages.Object-oriented languages.How much time it will take to learn a Programming Language?Our Programming HelpWhy should you hire a Programming Assignment help Expert? We use languages to communicate with each other the same as computer scientists have developed several computer-programming languages to provide instructions to the Computer. Computer programming is a way through which the programmer can communicate with Computer. In contrast, programming is used for developing software and its applications. Because the act of writing computer programs is one of showing the PC to accomplish something. The term computer programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. Who can Code and what skills required for Programming? Once in a life, every computer science student wants to know the answer to this question. Everyone can code, No one is a programmer by Birth. If you are a beginner in programming. Then you need some necessary skills that are mentioned below. Basic Mathematical skillsA passion for problem-solvingConfidence around a Computer What are the types of Computer programming? Computer programming and programming language both are different things the programming languages have come under computer programming there are so many languages available. But below are pretty popular types of computer programming which help you to build a bright future. Machine language Machine language is a code that consists of binaries that can be directly executed by a computer. Assembly languages. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that requires assembler to convert it into machine code. Business-oriented languages. It is especially famous for business applications that run on large computers. Scripting languages. A scripting language is a programming language which helps for coordinating and speaking with other programming dialects. Object-oriented languages. Object-Oriented programming is the real life-based style we use f like class, object, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism. How much time it will take to learn a Programming Language? As we mentioned above. There are many languages available, and every language has its intended purpose and structure. Understand the problem you are trying to solve.Design a solution.Draw a flowchart.Write pseudo-code.Write useful comments. Our Programming Help Majority of students struggle to crack the programming assignment. So what should they do to complete the Programming assignment? The Best Answer for this question is to take the Programming assignment help from the experts. C++ assignment helpC# assignment helpJava assignment helpMATLAB programming helpVisual necessary programming assignment help MYSQL assignment helpMathCAD assignment helpOracle assignment helpRuby assignment helpPython assignment helpAdobe Flash assignment helpDatabase Programming assignment helpPascal programming helpDot Net assignment help We ensure that youll get what you precisely need. You can legitimately present the task sent by us. We are sure that the paper will inspire your teacher and youll get acclaims from him/her. Thus, dont reconsider before settling on our programming assignment help administrations for Students. Why should you hire a Programming Assignment help Expert? You dont need to hire an expert if you are perfect in your assignment, but sometimes its not easy to manage all your homework on your own. Programming isnt easy; its needed so much attention and skills that why you need to hire an expert â€" doing programming assignments, not a child play. Our experts solved more than 600+ Assignments and Projects. If you are also suffering from your programming assignments no need to worry take programming assignment help from Calltutors professionals, we are very in programming and never let you down. Submit your query now……..

Little Foxes Analytical Essay - 1954 Words

Every play written uses dramatic elements. The main dramatic elements are plot, character, theme, and language. Lillian Hellman, who wrote the Little Foxes, incorporates these elements beautifully in her play. The play is set during the spring of 1900 and takes place in the Deep South part of the United States of America. Just as every other play, the Little Foxes has included the dramatic elements in her play, particularly the plot, character, and language that all incorporate an underlying theme of greed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The character, which includes the physiological and psychological makeup of each person in the play, properly incorporated the greed and oppression of the time. Ben and Oscar are brothers who are†¦show more content†¦There were also two servants in the house, whose parts although small, added a real sense of the racial conflict of the time. These characters were perfectly created with their physiological and psychological attributes that added the extra tension for the time. Horace and Regina also had a daughter. Her name was Alexandra. Her character was also built really well, except that she was too passive and did not react as well as she should have while Regina mentally destroyed Horace. Lastly, there is the brief appearance of the character named Mr. Marshall. This character although very small was created extremely well. Just like Ben and Oscar, he had only one thing on his mind. Although his ulterior motive was greed, he hid that very well wh ile he pretended to have a good time making friends with the family. Then when it came down to business, he was very keen and right to the point. Greed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Not only are the characters created exceptionally well, but the plot of the Little Foxes was also very beautifully planed out and written with the underlying theme of greed showing up throughout it. This is a major strength of the play. This play takes place in a little picturesque home in the South of the US with a prosperous but oppressive family during the spring of 1900. This is where the tension starts to build. The play starts out with a family gathering. The audience finds out at the end of this gathering that Ben’s ambition is to erect aShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................................... 229 Telling the Truth, While Still Misleading ....................................................................................... 235 Saying Little with Lots of Words ..................................................................................................... 235 ix Persuading Without Using Reasons ..............................................................................

The True Story About Free Ielts Essay Samples That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The True Story About Free Ielts Essay Samples That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear This essay will initially discuss which elements lead to job satisfaction and it is going to then tackle the question of how likely it is that all people can be content with their job. The questions close to the end aren't always given in a very simple way. You must compose an answer to the question giving reasons and examples to back up your answer. There isn't any reason to reassess your answers. Folks may think there are lots of important elements which influence the evolution of a nation, by way of example, natural resources, geographical position and management. As computers are getting to be a standard tool for teaching, teachers need to be more conscious of their function as guides in the acquisition of knowledge in place of transmitters of facts. Furthermore, without the assistance of education and science it's also impossible to discover a new supply of resources. Learning a neigh borhood language of some other nation, in my opinion, is beneficial as it aids in communication and obtaining employment. These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types ask you to supply certain responses to be sure the question is completely answered. G. Read some folks attend colleges or read our completely free sample essays nearly every essay 1. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Let's say you've pulled off a fantastic essay the examiners wouldn't be in a position to grade you as large as you deserve as you didn't hit on the subject. Even if today you think you're a lousy writer, you can learn how to deal with your essay and make it far more efficient. Before writing essay you'll need to experience listening and reading, and that means you will already be tired. For instance, some children utilize the web to find information on unique subjects. If you're getting prepared for the test and collecting custom essays, they are here in order to craft them for you. Every test-taker dreams of becoming inside info on the latest test questions. Children who may use the computer when they're young have more confidence than other children. From a personal standpoint, computers can help young individuals to learn more concerning the world. To summarize, it is obvious that computers are now part of our routine life. Employing a computer each and every day can ha ve more negative than positive consequences on children. High school is a vital time in the life span of young men and women. Health care shouldn't be provided for free regardless of an individual's income. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Many students who deserve to get sent to the university belong to poor families who are working to support their day-to-day living. Remain aware of the time so you may finish each one of your questions. There are a few rules of writing you need to follow. There's a general description at the start and end of the answer. It is well-written and contains some good arguments. The classical procedures of teaching always centered on the lecture format and examination. So, you've resolved to take IELTS for enrolling into a college or getting work in an English-speaking nation. Students lead busy liv es and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Not every student has enough motivation to succeed in their studies. Your writing also needs to be very simple to read and all elements of it are managed properly so as to guarantee Coherence and Cohesion. Even if you believe you're a bad writer today, you can learn to take your simple essay and transform it into something a great deal more effective. Some individuals say that it's possible to tell a lot about someone's culture and character from their selection of clothes. They believe that we can predict a person's culture and character from their choice of clothing. It is wise to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. Each part has a lot of sections. Time yourself and allow only one hour to finish both portions of the test. The writing test is marked utilizing a 9-band scale, like the other areas of the test. The Free Ielts Essay Samples Stori es Besides offering somewhere to conserve all of your valuable eBooks, the eBook reader software even provide you with a great number of features in order to boost your eBook reading experience in regard to the typical paper books. You ought not use the eBook continually for many hours without breaks. It's going be useful to have a superior eBook reader to be in a position to truly have a terrific reading experience and premium quality eBook display. An amazing eBook reader ought to be set up. Free Ielts Essay Samples - the Conspiracy Certainly, money is a significant role in our lives. Certainly, it plays an important part in our lives. Hence, it's said, marry for money is right in some degree. Many people think that money is the secret to happiness and that the more income you possess the happier you become. Free Ielts Essay Samples at a Glance Make certain you recognize the test format. All test takers should see to it that the IELTS format before starting the preparat ion for the suitable variant of the test. If you're late, you might not be permitted to select the test. The practice test involves a synopsis of the test format with an assortment of sample test questions and answers, to help you in preparing for the real IELTS test.

Essay on Celebration of an Eid Free Essays

People belonging to different castes creeds and countries celebrate different festivals. These festivals have both religious and psychological importance. On these occasions, people perform certain rites and thank God for the blessing that He bestows upon them. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Celebration of an Eid or any similar topic only for you Order Now They gathers together at some place and offer prayers according to the teachings and dogmas of their religion. The rich give alms to the poor. Relatives, friends and neighbours pay specials visits to one another. They enjoy and rejoice in the same way and in the same manner. Thus such festivals bring all the members of society on one platform and remove all social indisciminations. Such festivals have also a psychological significance. We need some moments of rest after the day’s hectic activities. When routine work begins creating a sense of monotony and boredom in us, we desire to have some change in our life. This is necessary to purify us. So usually fairs are held on this occasion. People play different games. Picnic sports are thronged with people. Children celebrate the occasion with bangs and booms. Sometimes older people also join them. They dance and sing with the children. Dainty and delicious dishes are prepared at home. Sweets and cakes specially prepared for the occasion are sent to the near and dear ones. Houses are also decorated. So such festivals serve as an ‘overhaul’ of our mind, body and soul and bring about positive and constructive changes in our personality. Eid-ul-fitr is also such an occasion that is celebrated every year with full religious fervor. The Eid comes every year with the message of hope, love, equality and universal brotherhood. As it comes after the month of fasting, it has especial significance. It symbolizes man’s moral triumph over his animal instincts. The day begins with early rising, a bath, and wearing a new or at least the cleanest possible clothes and spraying perfume on oneself. It follows a donation of ‘fitrana’ to the deserving. Then every Muslim proceeds for prayers. There is considerable hustle and bustle in the prayer ground. To the gay colours of the children’s dresses are now added balloons and toys. â€Å"Khutba† follows the prayer. In this address the speaker throws light on the importance of fasting and the blessings of God that it brings. Rest of the day is spent in meeting friends and relatives and exchanging gifts with them. A part from the religious purpose, the occasion of Eid provides economic activity. There is a great shopping spree for ten days. Both the rich and the poor make purchases for the members of their families and especially for their children who also receive ‘Eidi’ form their elders on the Eid day. The shopkeepers reap a rich harvest of profits. With the approach of Ramazan and Eid prices shoot up. This trend must be checked. We must keep it in mind the spirit of such festivals. They are not meant for personal aggrandizement or personal gains. The main purpose gains. The main purpose of these festivals is to bring hope and happiness in the life or those from whom fate has turned its face. How to cite Essay on Celebration of an Eid, Essays

Sociology The Family Essays - Gender Studies, Family,

Sociology: ?The Family? One of the main institutions in society is found within the household and is popularly known as ?The Family?. It is here, in the family, where the commencement of society takes place. It is amongst this unit that the origin of women's oppression began with the constant power struggle between man and woman. With the ?nuclear family? slowly being thrown out the window and the new ?dual-earner? family creeping in to takes it's place, it's no wonder that women's positions have changed radically over the past one hundred years. The key work here to this being position, because although women's position has changed, their workload has not. With this radical change many issues can be addressed, particularly, to the women's role and how it has remained fairly constant over the years. A closer examination will look at the development of gender inequality within the family as a result of the ever-changing issue. A second issue that needs to be inspected is that the family roles have changed in regards to family make-up as women have moved into the work force. This growing capital effort to increase standards of living by pushing every family member into the paid labour force has taken a toll on the family unit. The final issue that will be investigated in this report is how the traditional sex roles have remained constant, even with women's ever-changing family position over the years. For decades, commencing back to the time when patriarchy was the ?norm? and women were their husband's property, men have oppressed women. This ideology of patriarchy existed way before it was ever examined by sociologists and it was accepted as a natural or biological way of living. It wasn't until the 1960's when feminist groups began to explore patriarchy and at the same time began to exploit it, that patriarchy was established. Feminists at that time, and even still today, believe that patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain gender inequality and is the essential key to women's present subordination. Not only does patriarchy exist in the pubic domain of the paid labour force, but also in the private domain of the household, or better yet, the family. With patriarchy by its side, gender inequality has developed into one of the biggest controversies amongst sociologists, feminist groups, and women. In modern day society women are working their way into the labour force, and ?expanding their roles to include working outside the home as well as being wives and mothers? (Kaufman, 1999, 440). As women are moving into the paid labour force, they ?continue to work longer hours than do their husbands on household tasks, and there is little evidence that men's proportionate share of the family work has changed much during the past decade or so? (Blair, 1991, 91). Although women are moving into the paid labour force at a fairly fast pace, according to Kaufman, ?men's involvement in domestic roles has increased but at a slower pace than women's entrance into the labour market? (Kaufman, 1999, 440). Women's entrance into the labour market evolved rather rapidly from approximately less than 30% in the 1960's to currently more than 45% of women are in the paid labour force? (Levin, class note, Women's Studies). There are many reasons for the increase of women's labour force participation. The main fact being that the North American standard of living has increased drastically in the past decades, and that double-incomes are needed in order to survive. Along with the increase in standard of living, divorce rates are increasing leaving women with children to support on their own, and therefore, women must find outside work. There are also fewer children to raise, therefore, women have more time to work and raise their children. Also, there is a great change in societal attitudes that push women into the work force. Finally, with pay equity policies having been established, it is much easier for women to find work that will pay enough to support her and her family. Historical factors have weighed heavily on women's current status. In the nineteenth century, attitudes toward women were very different to the present attitudes placed upon them now. In the nineteenth century, there was a great need

The other side of the ledger An indian view of the Hudsons Bay Company essays

The other side of the ledger An indian view of the Hudsons Bay Company essays The other side of the ledger is an Indian view of the Hudsons Bay company. The Hudsons Bay companys 300th anniversary celebration where Queen Elizabeth II among the other guests was present, was no occasion for joy among the people whose lives were tied to the trading stores. During the past 300 years, the history has been written by white men. They have only focused on the generosity of the traders and the benefits brought to the Indians. However, there is a sharp contrasting view from what Indians have to say about their lot in the companys operations. At the time of the history, Hudsons Bay company was expended over 1 million square miles of land which is now known as Canada. The Ruperts Land at that time was occupied by the Indians. They (Indians) believed that the land belonged to all men and hence, the land owned by the individual was unknown. However, they failed to recognize that the white men had felt superiority to impose power over their identities. Hence, they just drifted bit by bit into white mens monopoly and never got out of it. Overall, I think, the film has covered up all the basic arguments of the Indians and has helped to understand the period and the people of that time. It has covered all the basic problems of Indians having with the Hudsons Bay Company. In the following, I have highlighted the main points covered in the film which illustrate the basic problems As it is shown in the film, I too think that the introduction of the new weapons (i.e.: guns) was the beginning of the Indians revolution. All the other hunting methods were band. The distribution of weapons in Ruperts land was done by the H.B.C.. Since, company had established treading posts throughout the land and each post was run by the manager, raising up the cost for the weapons was in the hands of t ...

How to Get the Most Realistic SAT Practice Test Experience

How to Get the Most Realistic SAT Practice Test Experience SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Choosing the best way to practice for the SAT can be difficult; there are a lot of study options out there, but not all of them may give you an accurate indicator of how well you’ll do on test day.Taking SAT practice tests under realistic testing conditions is a great way to practice for the SAT and get an estimate what your score will be on the real test. There are many free SAT practice tests available that you can take in your own home, however; it can be challenging to simulate real test-taking conditions.The closer the conditions of your practice test are to the real SAT, the more useful and accurate your results will be.Read on to learn how you can recreate realistic testing conditions at home in order to get the most accurate results from SAT practice tests. This guide will give you all the information you need to create realistic testing conditions for a practice SAT exam. There are eight recommendations to follow in order to have an ultra realistic practice test: Take a complete test Have the required materials Have a set starting time Simulate a classroom environment Have an â€Å"official test† mindset Keep strict timing on each section Use only official breaks Review your exam results Benefits of Realistic Practice Test Conditions Like other methods of preparing for the SAT, taking practice tests can help youbecome more familiar with the types of questions that are asked on the exam and identify subject areas you should focus your future studying on. Taking a practice test in a realistic setting is even better because it gives you the most accurate sense of how you're scoring and helps you feel comfortable with and prepared for the test day proceedings. Let's go over the benefits of realistic testing in more depth so you know why this extra hassle is worth the effort. More Accurate Scores The closer your practice SAT is to real test-taking conditions, the more accurate your scores will be because your practice tests will take many variables into account, such as if you were able to finish each section before time ran out and how well you were able to concentrate with only limited breaks. Having more accurate scores gives you a better estimate of what your total SAT score would be, as well as how well you would do on each separate test section. This will let you more accurately determine what your strengths and weaknesses are and make your future studying more effective. Better Understanding of How Test Length Affects You SATs are long tests: the current version, including breaks, takes roughly four hours,if you include the optional essay. While answering individual practice questions can help you improve your score, taking full-length practice tests help you learn how well you hold up after several hours of testing. For example, you may discover that your scores drop on the later sections of the test because you find it harder to stay focused. Youmaynot have discovered this information if you’d never taken a full-length practice test under realistic conditions, and it gives you something to prepare for.Taking multiple full-length practice tests will also increase your test-taking stamina, so you're less likely to run out of energy during the real SAT. Less Anxiety About the Test The more familiar you are with something, the less worrisome it becomes.By making your practice exam test conditions close to those of the real SAT, you will become more familiar with the exam and its format, so that when you take the SAT you will know what to expect and will likely be more relaxed and prepared. How to Make Practice Testing as Realistic as Possible #1: Take a Complete Test In order to make your practice test as realistic as possible, you should take a complete practice test.TheCollege Board currently hasfour official practice tests for the SAT available. Taking an official practice test is important because it will keep your practice test experience as realistic as possible and give you the most accurate estimate of what your scores will be on the real SAT. Before you begin the test, print off the entire exam and its instructions so that you are ready to go.For your practice test, you should bubble in the answers on the answer sheet, just like you would for the real SAT. #2: Have the Required Materials The SAT has very specific rules on what you must bring, can bring, and are forbidden to bring on test day. Learn these rules ahead of time and follow them during your practice test. The SAT requires you to bring: Photo ID (such as a driver’s license or school ID) Your SAT admission ticket with your photo printed on it Two No. 2 pencils, with erasers Calculator: try and use the same calculator you plan to use for the real SAT, and make sure it meets the SAT’s calculator requirements Have these four things with you for the practice exam (using a blank sheet of paper that represents your admission ticket), so that you get used to remembering to bring them. Other things you should bring: A watch: this will help you keep track of your time because you can never be sure if there will be a clock visible during the test. Make sure your watch doesn’t beep though, because that is grounds to get you dismissed from the exam. Snacks and water: the SAT is a long test and having something to eat and drink during the break can help keep your energy up. Do not have cameras, notebooks, or your own scratch paper with you during your practice test, and if you have your phone near you, make sure it is turned off for the entire exam. #3: Have a Set Starting Time You and the parent who is proctoring you should establish beforehand when you will take your SAT.In order to be as similar to a real SAT as possible, this practice test should begin when real SATs do: at 8:00am on a Saturday. This is early, but taking your practice test at that time will help you be better prepared for the real SAT and know how well you function that early in the morning.Regard this start time as unchangeable. You cannot push it back or change it, even if you accidentally ended up staying out with your friends late the night before, decide you want work out, or want to watch some Netflix. You won’t be able to delay the start time of the real SAT, so don’t do it for the practice SAT either. Get up early enough so that by 8:00 AM, you're sitting at the desk or table where you’ll take the exam, with all your materials ready. #4: Simulate a Classroom Environment The room where you’ll be taking your practice SAT should be as close to a classroom as possible, because that's likely where you’ll take the actual exam.Don’t take your test while sitting on the couch or in a room that other family members will frequently be walking through. Pick a quiet room where you and your proctor you will be undisturbed, and sit at a desk or table.Only have necessary materials around you. Your phone should also be turned off and put awaylike it will be for the real exam. This is very important to rememberbecause having your phone on for the real SAT is enough to get you kicked out of the exam and your scores tossed out. #5: Have an "Official Test" Mindset Both you and your proctor should have the mindset throughout the entire test that this a realistic practice exam and should be as close to a real SAT as possible.The person acting as your proctor (likely your parent), should act as much like an official proctor as possible.This means things like reading instructions aloud,not making jokes, and not watching TVor listening loudly to music while you’re taking the test. You should take this test as seriously as you would a real SAT. Don’t ask for extra time, don’t try to check your phone during the test, don’t skip questions just because you got tired and know this isn’t a â€Å"real† test.If you wouldn’t do it during the real SAT, don’t do it during this practice exam. Taking a practice test under realistic conditions can provide you with a very accurate example of how you’d score on the real SAT, which can significantly help your future studying and raise your score for the actual exam, so take the practice test seriously. #6: Keep Strict Timing on Each Test Section This is one of the most important things you can do to help make your results from your practice SAT as accurate as possible.Not only is the SAT long, but it also includes a lot of questions in each section. Taking the test under real timing conditions will help you get used to the time pressures of the SAT and improve your time management skills. Your practice test will state how long you have for each section, and your proctor should follow the SAT’s time restrictions exactly.Have your proctor keep track of the time with a watch or timer, announcing when you have five minutes left in each section. You can also keep track of the time with your watch, if you’re wearing one. As soon as your proctor calls time, set your pencil down. Do not ask for or try to take any additional time. Even adding two extra minutes to a section can allow you to answer several more questions, which will give you an inflated and less accurate score.If you finish a section before time is called, do not move onto the next section to try and finish the test sooner. Just like you would for the real SAT, review your answers for that section until time is called. #7: Use Only Official Breaks The SAT has only three breaks, each between five and ten minutes long. These breaks usually come after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th sections of the exam. For the redesigned SAT, there will likely be two breaks, a ten-minute break after the writing section and a five-minute break before the essay.During your practice test, you should only take breaks at these times, and only for the specific amount of time allowed. Like strictly timing your sections, this will get you more used to the challenges of taking a long test with few breaks, which will let you see if this affects your score and help you improve your test-taking endurance. During these breaks, don’t do things you wouldn’t be able to do during the real SAT breaks, like check your phone, go on the computer, or go outside.You can (and should) use these breaks to get up and stretch, sharpen your pencils, use the bathroom, and eat the snacks or drinks you brought with you. Optional: Take Your Practice Test With Others This isn’t a requirement, but if you have other friends studying for the SAT, it can be helpful to take your practice tests at the same time.Doing sowill make your practice test closer to the real thing because you’ll take the real SAT with other people in the room, and, when you do, you’ll be more used to noises other test takers can make, like rustling papers or tapping their feet. #8: Grade and Review Your Exam Once you've finished with the entire test, take a short break before reviewing your answers. This can be anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Either you or your proctor should grade your multiple choice answers.If you included the writing section, try to have two other people grade it, following the SAT’s essay rubric.Also check out our guide on converting your raw score into a scaled score. Now you have your score for your practice SAT, but you’re not finished yet.You should review each question you got wrong or guessed on, working to understand what mistakes you made and how you can avoid making them again in the future.If you skip this step, your SAT scores likely won’t improve much, no matter how many practice tests you take because you’ll keep repeating the same mistakes. Check out our guide on the best way to review missed questions on the SAT. We also have a ton of resources to help you study for the SAT and raise your score. Check some of them out below. SAT Study Resources Want to learn ways to boost your SAT score? Learn the 15SAT tricks you should be using. Don't have a lot of time to study for the SAT? Learn the best last-minute study tips you should use. Wondering when you should begin your SAT prep? We have a step-by-step guide that tells you how long you should study for the SAT. Wondering what other study options there are beyond official practice tests? Learn about smart alternatives to officialtests. Aiming for a 1600 on the SAT? Check out our guide on how to get a perfect SAT score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Will be privided on Friday July 1st after 6pm Essay - 1

Will be privided on Friday July 1st after 6pm - Essay Example Acting in such a manner shows how one puts his heart in his work and usually results in satisfactory jobs as others may not be able to demand for more when they see the seriousness of a responsible person. Of course, physical efforts are much needed to accomplish responsibilities because just thinking about things and planning one’s actions are not the same as doing them. One has to perform his duties to be considered responsible. In our world, whatever part of the world we live in, I think responsibility is present and comes in many forms but still are the same though different in some ways. This is so because of culture and beliefs. For instance, for some cultures, it is still widely accepted that mothers should stay at home and do the household chores, bear children and take care of them while the father is expected to do the more difficult tasks like farming or being the bread winner, going to the office and bringing home his paycheck to his wife. To them, women are expected to budget whatever amount the father brings home for all the needs of the whole family. For other cultures, women are now allowed to work alongside the men in offices, competing with them and even becoming bosses in a world that used to have been dominated by the stronger sex, as we have always known. However, the women’s responsibilities in such cultures in the house are not passed on to the men, though there are some cases of which, but that their working outside of the house is but an additional responsibility. If they are not able to perform their functions as housekeepers and babysitters, they then have to hire someone to do the task so that their primary responsibilities will not be forsaken. In another angle, there are other responsibilities we have to perform and that would be our social responsibilities. As they say, no man is an island. Indeed no man is and we can not survive without the help of the other no matter how much we hate having others help us. Men have been made

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Energy Drinks - Essay Example Energy drinks contains caffeine which provides stamina and increases the physical performance to the consumers. In natural form, caffeine is a bitter tasting drug but most of the energy drinks are processed to cover the bitter taste. Caffeine is contained in drinks like chocolate, coffee, tea and many other soft drinks, it also found in many over the counter medications especially the painkillers. Caffeine is usually eliminated from the body very rapidly though its effects may last for about six hours. Caffeine and other ingredients of energy drinks stimulate the central nervous system thereby improving the metabolic reactions of the body, hence they are used recreationally and medically to restore mental awareness. When the central nervous system is stimulated, the brain tends to function faster due to improved flow of thought, increased alertness and better coordination of the body and in excess the effects flow to the spinal cord (Han et al 2007, 499). The energy drinks has several other ingredients that include taurine and glucuronolactone apart from caffeine. Taurine is a type of an amino acid that is found naturally in the human body and is a very important building block for proteins. Many people rely on energy drinks to replace the lost taurine, as in taurine is lost in times of stress in small amounts leading to some sort of deficiency (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 219). The taurine amino acids are believed to be antitoxic substances that cleanse the body of harmful substances. Glucuronolactone is carbohydrate metabolite that also occurs naturally in the body though it can be synthesized artificially, it provides instant energy boost since it's a carbohydrate formed from glucose catabolism and its also believed to cleanse the body of harmful substances. The body's homeostasis system is designed to maintain constancy in the body, upon consumption of caffeine; the body reacts to it to try and neutralize the effects of the caffeine through the process termed metabolism or catabolism to be precise. Caffeine is totally absorbed in the stomach and the small intestines within the first thirty minutes after ingestion. Following absorption, caffeine is metabolized into three compounds; theobromine, paraxanthine and theophyline with the latter constituting the smaller percentage while paraxanthine comprising the largest percentage about 84% (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 223). Metabolism takes place in the liver with the use of enzyme system called cytochrome P450 oxidase; paraxathine breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a process called lipolysis, theobromine is alkaloid that is also a vasodilator and therefore dilates blood vessels and hence increases urine formation, and thoephylline is a smooth muscle relaxant and a diuretic (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 226). The three compounds are further metabolized before excretion. For the body to get rid of the foreign particles in the body, caffeine and its by-products have to be eliminated and are usually excreted following the

Factors for Human Resources in Healthcare

Factors for Human Resources in Healthcare NIRPREET KAUR BRAR ASSESSMENT-2 TASK-1 Question: As a recent graduate, appointed to an HR Advisory role within a large New Zealand healthcare organisation, you have been requested by your manager to develop a discussion document for management which: Considers the following types of business factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation business growth, decline, change, competition; impact of technology and labour market competition and employee development. Answer: (1) Business growth: The retirement industries play a very important role to provide a best housing to the older people. The government identified a new need for housing. By downsizing to a retirement town, a resigned individual is not just moving to settlement that helps, yet they are additionally commonly authorizing a family home inside a created suburb with access to schools, diversion offices, transport, and made chamber framework. (2) Decline: Hierarchical change can make the requirement for the HR division to concentrate on staffing issues. Associations experiencing fast development may need to include more representatives. An organization in decrease may oblige HR to create severance bundles and do worker terminations. (3) Change: An associations business and working atmosphere can change as often as possible, which can likewise influence the part of human assets. As a rule, the HR division serves as a connection between organization administration and workers, assuming an imperative part in encouraging the methodology of progress. Change can influence HR in basic ranges. (4) Competition: The idea of globalization alludes to an expanding stream of products and assets crosswise over national fringes and the rise of an integral set of authoritative structures to deal with the growing system of global monetary movement and transactions. Strictly talking, a worldwide economy is one where firms and money related establishments work transnational, i.e., past the limits national limits. In such a world, merchandise, components of creation and money related possessions would be just about flawless substitutes all around and would never again be conceivable to consider national states as unique economies. Globalisation is relied upon to quicken development in creating nations. (5) Impact of technology: The utilization of innovation in human asset administration has become extensively as of late. Engineering has had a positive impact on the inward operations of associations. Organizations have computerized numerous techniques and wiped out unnecessary work. The trendy expression and the most recent patterns in recruitment is the E-Recruitment .It is the utilization of engineering or the electronic instruments to help the recruitment forms. (6) Labour market competition:-Work business sector and human asset administration are dire issues for social circle. Greater part of workers considers they might be effectively supplanted by superintendents. Reality the current Georgian Labour business faces, individually a high unemployment level, wasteful profession arranging, low level of incomes and compensations, no rivalry among executives to pull in and volunteer obliged faculty serve as the essential to the way that executives dont see HR as the central point of their prosperity, thusly they dont utilize contemporary methodologies and patterns of Human Resource Administration. Execution of advanced innovations of HR administration stipulates fruitful operation of divided associations and urges answers for confounded social issues existing in the nation. (7) Employee development: Business profit depends to some degree on how your human assets division arrangements to persuade and deal with your workforce. Representatives may create more when they are generally compensated; perceived and suited for the work they are relegated. When you comprehend that profit is not just a matter of urging specialists to accomplish more, you can work with HR on arranging ahead to give a work environment where workers will need to build their gainfulness. Question 2 Considers the following types of human resource requirements and factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation Identifying internal personnel requirements , internal and external factors in matching personnel to organisational requirements; government policies and labour market competition Answer:- Identifying internal personnel requirements: To create an effective system for transform, you have to comprehend the sorts of obstructions confronted in medicinal services. Utilizing this learning, you can consider which obstructions and levers might work in your association and which may be important to a specific issue. Taking after watchful thought, it is conceivable to create a custom made methodology to defeat the obstructions, empower changes in conduct and at last actualize direction. The budgetary and political environment can affect on health awareness experts longing, inspiration and capability to roll out improvements. At a hierarchical level, monetary frameworks may not encourage instalments for new intercessions and assets may be obliged. Impetus systems and administrative methods may not be adjusted to whats required to execute the progressions. Internal and external factors in matching personnel to organisational requirements: A fruitful human assets system supplements an organizations mission and objectives so what works for an industry goliath wont fundamentally be suitable for your little business. The elements impacting HR exercises arent static: To augment recruitment and maintenance, and to minimize worker issues, little business administrators should persistently screen inward and outside natural variables and change HR methodology in like manner. To do that, it’s paramount to realize what the inner and outside components can comprise of. Inward arrangements and methods sway HR exercises. For instance, if the organization is focused on advertising from inside, HR must guarantee workers get fitting preparing and advancement to be prepared for advancement when the time comes. HR ought to screen the amount of representatives qualified for retirement and guarantee potential substitutions or other staff parts are prepared to stay away from a sudden flight of business information. On the off chance that the organization is unionized, HR must take part in aggregate haggling with the union on matters of representation. Outer impacts, political variables and hierarchical society all impact the measure of grievances and protests HR must react to. Government policies and labour market competition: Human assets for wellbeing are vital to any wellbeing framework insofar as wellbeing labourers perform or intervene most wellbeing framework capacities. They settle on treatment choices at the purpose of administration and their activities decide how effectively different assets are used.1 Health-mind conveyance is exceedingly work concentrated. To be powerful, a social insurance framework must have the right number and blend of health awareness labourers and it must guarantee that they have the methods and inspiration to skilfully perform the capacities they are appointed. Numerous nations are confronting an emergency in human assets for wellbeing that includes three measurements: accessibility, which identifies with the supply of qualified wellbeing labourers; dispersion, which identifies with the recruitment and maintenance of wellbeing specialists where their vicinity is most required; and execution, which identifies with wellbe ing labourer gainfulness and to the nature of the mind that wellbeing labourers give. REFRENCES Kevin Johnston, The effect of human resource planning on organisational productivity. Retrieved from http://www.smallbusiness.chron.com †ºHuman Resources†ºHuman Resource Plans Tia Benjamin, External and internal environmental factors Influencing HR activities. Retrieved from http://www. smallbusiness.chron.com †º †ºSmall Business Websites

Agricultural economics

Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. E-mail: 2Assistant Professor, Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. E-mail: Abstract: A progressive agriculture serves as a powerful engine of economic growth of any country. It helps in initiating and sustaining the development of other sectors of the economy. In view of this, after independence the Government of India adopted a positive approach and specific programmes like new agriculture technology were introduced. Indian farmers being poor were not in a position to buy these expensive inputs.Then the Indian Government started the scheme of subsidies on the purchase of various agriculture inputs to facilitate the farmers. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden, on the other hand there is a fear that agriculture production and income of farmers would decline if subsidies are curtailed. The findings indicate that the increasing rate of total subsidies (f ertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods.There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study period. The present study suggests that Government should keep aside its motive to please voters or strengthen the vote bank, it should frame rational policy in which small size category farmers, who are not actual beneficiaries of subsidies, could get more and subsides, which they do not want should be withdrawn.Keywords:-agriculture, electricity subsidy, fertilizers subsidies, irrigation subsidy, productivity. I. Introduction The socio – economic structure, which prevailed prior to the British rule in the country, resulted in the organization of self-sufficient villages. It has been maintaining some kind of static equilibrium. The Indian peasant, though not properly educated, has adequate experience of farming systems and he has been dependent on it for the means of living.The Royal commission of Agriculture in India observed that both the methods of cultivation and social organization exhibit that settled order which is characteristic of all countries in which the cultivating peasant has long lived in and closely adapted himself to the conditions of a particular environment. The Indian agrarian economy on the eve of independence was critical in situation. It could be characterized totally primitive, deteriorative and turbulent.After partition, the country is left with 82 per cent of the total population of undivided India as well as only with 69 per cent of land under rice, 65 per cent under wheat and 75 per cent under all cereals. The deficiency of food grains is quite alarming and aggravating at that time (Chahal, 1999). In view of this, after independence tremendous efforts are made to boost the economy through agriculture as one of the tools for development.The Government of India adopted a more positive approach and hence a well definedpolicy of integrated production programmes with defined targets and a proper distribution programme is adopted along with other measures for the overall economic development of the country. Specific programmes like new agriculture technology are introduced to convert agriculture into a successful and prosperous business, to bring more land under cultivation and to raise agriculture production. In India, the adoption of new agricultural technique is costly than that of traditional method of cultivation.In traditional method, inputs are least expensive, on the other hand, inputs in modern technology like high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, farm mechanization and irrigation are very costly and Indian farmers being poor are not in a position to buy these expensive inputs. Then on the recommendations of food grain price committee (Jha Committee), the Government of India started the scheme of subsidie s on purchase of various agriculture inputs to facilitate the farmers (Singh, 1994).Subsidies have occupied agricultural economists for a long time because they are pervasive in agriculture, even though they are often applied in ways that benefit mostly richer farmers, cause inefficiencies, lead to a heavy fiscal burden, distort trade, and have negative environmental effects. Agricultural subsidies can play an important role in early phases of agricultural development by addressing market failures and promoting new technologies (Fan, 2008).All of these subsidies by reducing the prices of the inputs, served in the initial stages of green revolution, as incentives to the farmers for adopting the newly introduced seed-cum-fertilizer technology. These helped in raising the agricultural output, after some time, the amount paid on these subsidies began to rise. The input subsidies have often been accused of causing most harmful effect in terms of reduced public investment in agriculture o n account of the erosion of investible resources, and wasteful use of scarce resources like water and Agricultural Subsidies In India Boon Or Cursewww. iosrjournals. org 41 | Page power. Further, apart from causing unsustainable fiscal deficits, these subsidies by encouraging the intensive use of inputs in limited pockets have led to lowering the productivity of inputs, reducing employment elasticity of output through the substitution of capital for labour and environmental degradation such as lowering of water tables. (Gulati, 2003).In India, at present centre as well as state governments are providing subsidies on fertilizers, irrigation (canal water), electricity and other subsidies to marginal farmers and farmers’ cooperative societies in the form of seeds, development of oil seeds, pulses, cotton, rice, maize and crop insurance schemes and price support schemes etc. Out of these subsidies, the Central Government of India provides indirect subsidies to farmers on the purc hase of fertilizers from 1977, whereas state governments are providing subsidies on irrigation as well as on electricity (Government of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Chandigarh).Review of literature of the past theory and practice is necessary when conducting any research work. Sharma, (1982) examined the impact of agricultural subsidies on national income and agricultural production. For this purpose the author used the time period from 1970-71 to 1981-82 and a general equilibrium model. The study revealed that during this period, agricultural subsidies affected the national income and agriculture production positively. Gupta, (1984) tried to analyse the agricultural subsidies in India from 1970-71 to 1982- 83.The author used linear regression model. The study showed that during this period, the use of agricultural subsidies increased at faster rate but there was a large inter-state disparity. Sharma, (1990) revealed in this study that subsidies have become unsustainable. In orde r to release resources for higher investments in the agricultural sector, large scale price and institutional reforms are needed to relieve the pressure of subsidies on the exchequer. Gulati, (2007)reviewed the trends in government subsidies and investments in and for Indian agriculture.The author suggested that to sustain long-term growth in agricultural production and therefore provide a long-term solution to poverty reduction, the government should cut subsidies of fertilizer, irrigation, Power and credit and increase investments in agricultural research and development, rural, infrastructure and education. Promoting non-farm opportunities are also important. From the above studies, it may conclude that agriculture subsidies are a worldwide phenomenon.Some studies showed the distribution pattern of agriculture subsidies in different countries and in different states of India. Whereas some studies showed the impact of agriculture subsidies on income of farmers of different states of India, on agriculture production, on gross cropped area, on cropping pattern etc. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden. Some researchers assert to the extent that these should be withdrawn in a phased manner, such a step will reduce the fiscal deficit, improve the efficiency of resources use, funds for public investment in agriculture.On the other hand, there is a fear that agriculture production and income of farmers would decline if subsidies are curtailed. These are very important issues, which need serious investigation. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden. The objectives of the present study are to study the growth and distribution of agricultural subsidies in India, to study the impact of agricultural subsidies in India, to suggest ways and means for giving agricultural subsidies to farmers of India.The present study is related to agricultural subsidies in India from 1980-81 to 2008-09. In this study agriculture subsidies of fertil izers, electricity, irrigation (canal water), seeds, machinery etc. are discussed during pre-liberalisation period (1980-81 to 1985-86), first phase of liberalisation period (1990-91 to 1996-97) as well as during second phase of liberalisation period (2000-01 to 2008-09). For analysing the growth and distribution pattern of agriculture subsidies, five zones i. e.south zone (includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep), west zone (includes Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli), east zone (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal), north zone (Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi and Chandigarh) and north-east zone (Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Sikkim) have been taken.II. Gross Cropped Area in India Land is the fundamental basis for the most of the huma n or natural activities and is one of the major natural resources on earth. Agricultural productivity is entirely dependent on the availability of suitable land (State of Environment Punjab – 2007). In India, there are competing demands of area available for cultivation from increase in rural habitations, forestation, urbanisation and industrialisation.Consequently, gross cropped area in the country has registered a rapid deceleration in its growth over time (Bhalla, 2009). In this section, an attempt is made to analyse the gross copped area (GCA), total subsidies, fertilizers, electricity and subsidies at India as well as zone levels. The gross cropped area (GCA) in India during 1980-81 to 2006-07 is shown in table 1. This table reveals the west zone got topmost position, followed by north zone, south zone, east zone and north-east zone throughout the study period.In India, GCA has shown variations i. e. it has increased from 1,73,324 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 1,85,403 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and further increased to 1,88,601 thousand hectares in 1996-97, it has declined to 1,86,565 thousand hectares in 2000-01 and further declined to 1,75,678 thousand hectares in 2006-07. As zone-wise analysis shows that in west zone, the GCA has Agricultural Subsidies In India Boon Or Curse www. iosrjournals. org 42 | Page increased from 69,882 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 75,659 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and further increased to 78,097 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 72,833 thousand hectares in 2006-07.In north zone, it has increased from 38,806 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 42,132 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 39,780 thousand hectares in 2006-07, whereas in south zone, the GCA has increased from 32,363 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 34,688 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and further increased to 35,333 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 35,271 thousand hectares in 2000-01 and again increased to 36,368 thousand hectares in 2006-07.In east zone, the GCA has increased from 27,514 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 28,741 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and declined to 27,416 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and further declined to 20,246 thousand hectares in 2006-07, on the hand the GCA has increased from 4,759 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 5,163 thousand hectares in 1985-86 and further increased to 6,451 thousand hectares in 2006-07 in north-east zone. Agricultural economics Agriculture is defined as â€Å"the cultivation of land for the purpose of producing food for man, feed for animal and fibre or raw material for industrial companies. It also includes the processing marketing of crops. In other words, it embraces all activities involved in the primary and controlled production of plant and animals, such as fishing, forestry, farming, livestock, poultry and small scale industries connected with processing of agricultural products. The agricultural sector forms the background of Nigeria economy despite concerted effort in industralisation.Agriculture occupies the pride place as the source of livelihood for over 70 percent of the population. It is recognized as a pre-requisite to economic development. With large scale dependence on agriculture for food, raw-material for industries etc, one would expect production to increase, rather it is disheartening to note that this is not the case. Agriculture has suffered some neglect due to lack of investment si nce the inception of oil boom in 1970. In fact, Nigeria is experiencing a decline in the space of agricultural production in general, this situation is causing a great concern to the government.Throughout the 1960s, Agriculture contributed 61. 5%. in the 1970s, it declined miserably be 2. 3%. This decline may be attributed to the domination of the nations export by oil since 1970 which accounted for 57. 6% of total export income and rose steadily, attaining an overwhelming proportion of 98% in 1981. As a result there was an absolute neglect in agriculture to both God (Gross Domestic Product) and export earnings which has been the major factor dictating the need to reactivate our agricultural products.The need for this re-activity and in effort to revamp this sector has been the reason for raising budgetary allocation in recent years to it. It rose from 6% in 1970s to 22% in 1984. this increase acts as incentive and motivation to farmers, but these farmers while engaging in these agr icultural ventures are exposed to a lot of problem like diseases and pest attacks, fire destructions, industrial pollution, machinery breakdown and other problems. To these problems, the farmers need some aids in solving or minimizing them. Finance has been one of themost significant problems in the expansion of agricultural production. This was as a result of the neglect of the agricultural sector following the oil boom of 1970s, when the oil sector become a major aspect of the Nigerian’s foreign exchange earning. This contributed to the inadequate funding of the agricultural sector unlike before the boom. Also the establishment of industries in the urban areas during the 1990 – 1994 National Development plan to boast industrialization drew the rural populace with constitute the farming population to urban cities for search of white color jobs.A stage has reached, that average Nigerians are now underfed. In the words of or P. N. C. Akimbo in 1990 â€Å"The average Ni gerian consumed on the average, some 20. 23 calories per day and 56. 46 grammes of protein per day compared to the food and agricultural organization (FAO)minimum of 21. 91 calaries and 53. 8 grammes of protein. The average Nigerian was and still, is among the worst fed in the world.As a result of these situations; the successive Nigerian Governments showed concern over the decline situation of Agricultural production through policies and programmes aimed at revamping the agricultural production in attempt to encourage increase food production â€Å"The federal Government in 1993 tried the National Accelerated food production in programme (NAFPP) during the General Yakulu Gowon’s regime; Under the leadership of General Obasanjo, the Operation feed the Nation programme â€Å"(OFN) in 1976; Green Revolution came up under President Shehu Shagari and Directorate of food Road and Rural infrastructure under the regime of General Basangida regime. Neither of these measures halted the Agricultural decline or any lasting effect on food production.This is because â€Å"little or no meaningful attempt has been made to change the under developed status of the rural dwellers notwithstanding that these people constitute about 95 percent of the total population engaged in Agricultural in Nigeria. It has been attributed that inadequate funding of agricultural project and programme has contributed in large measures to the government low production of Agriculture in Nigeria, and the government and other financial institutions forms the major sources of finance for Agriculture though policies and programmes. Then what role and impact has the central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as the bank at the apex of Nigeria Banking system, (Bank of last resort, bank to the government and Banker to other banks)† played to reinforce the government policies or revamp the agricultural sector of the economy.The under – developed characteristic of the Nigerian economy has made the central Bank of Nigeria to be activity involved in the promotion of rapid economic development of other sector especially agriculture through its development roles unlike in developed economics where the role of central Bank is restricted to development of the financial system. According to Dr Belshaw in his book entitled â€Å"Agricultural credit in economically under-developed countries he wrote that â€Å"in respect of agricultural credit, a central Bank has an important part to play by helping to establish, strengthen and promote the extension of commercial banking facilities and agricultural credit institutions. Professor G.Nwankwo also wrote â€Å"it for instance mistaken to think and believe that only the function of a central Bank is to control or regulate the financial system; it was not conoinced nor thought to be an appropriate function that a central Bank also has to the task of developing the financial system if non existed and of organizing and mobilization of reso urces for development. To this end, the central Bank of Nigeria embarked on some programmes and policies to curb the under economic development and low trend in agricultural production. These policies include the following : i. The provision of credit to marketing board for the purchase of some agricultural produce for export.This has become the sole responsibility of the central Bank of Nigeria since May 1968, when the commercial financial still was abolished by the federal Government. ii. The establishment of the Nigeria Agricultural Bank (NAB) in 1976, this Nigerian Agricultural co-operative societies, improve agricultural production and storage facilities and promote marketing of agricultural products through liberal credits to farmers at softer terms. The bank started with a capital of #6 million which has increased to #250 million in 1991 with the CBN contributing 40 percent while the Federal Government has 60 percent share. The functions of the banks includes: grant in of loa ns to small and medium scale farmers. iii.The CBM also used another instrument in financing of agriculture, this is through its credit guidelines contained in its monetary and fiscal policies circulars which required the commercial banks to give preferential treatment to Agriculture. iv. The establishment of Agricultural credit Guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF) in 1977 by both the federal Government and the central Bank of Nigeria. The Act provided #100 million subscribed by the federal government, and the CBN at the ration of 60 percent or #60 million to the federal Government, 40 percent or #40 million to CBN. This is to grantee for loan default made by commercial banks to farmers for Agricultural purposes to the time of 75% of the default. The CBN was also appointed the managing agent of the fund. 2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMSDespite the various policies and programmes mapped out annually for the economic development of Nigeria with emphasis on Agriculture, the agricultural production lev el remained very low and recently on the decline. Finance has been traced to be the major handicap to the typical Nigeria farmer, inadequacy of modern farming equipment, inputs, basic infrastructure and storage facilities, marketing and distribution system. Then the central Bank of Nigeria – the apex bank has been mandated by the federal Government of Nigeria to find a solution to these problems. Consequently, the central bank of Nigeria through its agencies grant credit for the purpose of agriculture. But was faced with the following problems. – Inadequate public enlightenment – Mismanagement – Technological constraints – Poor land tenure system – Environmental constraints– Above all financial constraints. Identifying financial constraints as the major handicap to increase agricultural production. The federal government increased its spending on agriculture by 12. 7 percent in 1981 as against 6. 5 percent in 1970’s. a total of #8 million was allocated to agriculture during the five years National Development plan 1981 – 85. still not much has been achieved in food production. To this end, the federal Government through the CBN policies and programmes aimed at adequate financing to increase agricultural productivity, for a nation that can not feed herself is said to be economically undeveloped. 3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe major objective of this study is to determine and appraise the performance of the central Bank of Nigeria and its agencies to agricultural finance and development. This involves: i. To identify the central Bank of Nigeria policies in relation to Nigeria Agriculture. ii. To evaluate various measures introduced to boost agricultural production and agricultural financing and how this affected the realization of the agricultural goals and iii. To identify the problems associated with the implementation of these policies and suggest solution so as to improve agricultural production. 4 . SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Unless the cause of a problem is found, any attempt at solving the problem would likely be effort in futility. But when the basic causes of a problem are identified, solution would be easily found.This research work on the impact of central bank of Nigeria policies in relation to Nigeria agriculture would be of immense importance to the policy and credit guideline makers in ascertaining the efficiency of these policies on agriculture in particular and the economy in general. Also from the recommendations and suggestions, the problems and causes of failures in implementation would be taken care of. As the policies involves many financial and other credit institution the research would be of great worth to these institution, for instance, It would help in assessing the performance and cause of default in credit extension under the Agricultural credit Guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF), the Nigerian Agricultural co-operative bank (NACB) Credit and loan system. Th e research work when completed will be of use to the following: -The farmers and Agriculturist -The central bank of Nigeria (Federal Government).-The entire economy -Finally, this work will serve as an addition to the already existing literature and references in the area of policies of central Bank of Nigeria agricultural financing, monetary economics and finance in general. 5. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The major source of some very vital data on the work of course is the central bank of Nigeria but because of its own policies, the major information areas are not accessible to the public. To this regard, the research has selected the salient roles of the central bank necessary for the research and finically examined and evaluated the effects of these policies in relation to agriculture.It is also very pertinent to state that the scope of this work generally is restricted to the programmes of agricultural financing that are directly under the supervision and control of the central ban k of Nigeria. 6. STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS The central bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made remarkable impact in Agricultural financing in Nigeria. The central bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made no impact in Agriculture financing in Nigeria. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its polices and programmes has evaluated various measures introduce to boost agricultural production. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made no remarkable measure to boost agricultural production. 7. DEFINITION OF TERMSIt is necessary here to introduce operational definition of some concept to be commonly used in this study for better understanding of the study. These terms are as follows. Development: this means the process of sustained increase in both per capital income and total income accompanied by structural modification of the social economic and political environment. Economic growth: This refers to the steady process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to bring about rising levels of national income. Economic Development: This can be known as nothing less than â€Å"The upward movement of the entire social system or it many be interpreted as the attainment of a number of ideas of modernization such as a rise in productivity, social and economic equal section.Modern knowledge, improved institutions and attitudes and a traditionally co-ordinate systems of policy measures that can remove the host of undesirable conditions in the social system that have perpetuated a state of under development†. Financial Institution: These are institutions either private or public that channels loanable funds from savers to borrowers. Example commercial banks and development banks. Policy: This is a cause oaf action pursed by the government to achieve some development is also a source of raw materials for the teaming industries the product for which mo dern man has virtually become over dependent on†. Butterssing these parts.Enikanselu (1985) stated thus† agriculture besides providing food for the people contributes positively to capital accumulation for the purpose of financing the industrial sector†. He maintained that the role of Agriculture in the economic development of a nation includes providing an initial stage of development, the purchasing power for the industrialization of the economy by supplying the necessary raw – materials for industries. Uka (1986) in his own opinion on the importance of Agriculture to Nigeria economy assert that â€Å"Food is a basic necessity of life; and it is only on a firm basis of food production that virile economy can be founded.Besides, dependent on external sources of food supply has grave instability consequence because it ties the nations independence to the international policies. Writing on the importance of Agriculture and the preferential treatment given to it by the central bank of Nigeria in policy consider eration and allocation, Egba (1978) Stressed that â€Å"since 1969 when the first circular was issued to banks, the CBN has consistently given preferential treatment to agriculture which was included in the broad sector refered to as production†. This preferential treatment covers both the volume of loans allocated to the sector and the interest rate chargeable on such loans.Agriculture provides the greatest avenue for employment, income and food for Nigerian populace. Also the position of agriculture as a source of raw-materials for key industries and a major foreign exchange earner. Thus the government has given such priority to agricultural production because of its realization of the numerous contributions. A highly developed agricultural sector could make to the development of the Nigerian economy Olayade (1986) said â€Å"the agricultural sector provides employment for about 67% of the active population in the count ry. It is abundantly clear therefore that this sector has constituted the back bone of our economy until only recently.

Globalization Has Had A Negative Impact On Health,...

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